OSPF has a media dependency it behaviour changes depending on the media it is connected to
e.g ethernet,frame relay so on
different media will default to different network types
these network types will control
- how updates are sent
- who forms adjacencies
-how the next hop is calculated
OSPF NETWORK TYPES
-------------------
broadcast
nonbroadcast
point-to-point
point-to-multipoint
point-to-multipoint non broadcast
loopback
Today I looked at broadcast,non broadcast,point-to-point and point to multipoint
OSPF NETWORK TYPE BROADCAST
-----------------------------
you turn it on with
ip ospf network broadcast on the interface
it is the default on multiaccess broadcast medias
- ethernet,fddi,token ring
sends hello + updates as multicast (protocol 88)
- 224.0.0.5 ( ALL OSPF ROUTERS)
- 224.0.0.6 (ALL DR/BDR ROUTERS)
Perform an election to decide on DR and BDR for segment
DR/BDR Overview
-----------------
Designated ROuter (DR)
- used on broadcast links to minimise adjacencies and minimize lsa replication
Backup Designated Router (BDR)
- used as redudancy for DR
DROTHERS
- all other routers on link
- form full adjacency with DR + BDR
- stop at the 2 way state for all other DROTHER routers as full adjacency is not required
The process is that when DROTHER wants to send an update it will multicast the update to
the address 224.0.0.6 only DR + BDR listen for this multicast when recieved the BDR will
effectively do nothing with it the DR will multicast the update out to all routers using the
multicast address 224.0.0.5
ELECTION OF DR/BDR
---------------------
There is 2 elements to the DR/BDR election
first is priority
you can assign a priority value of 0-255
higher is better
0 is never use
second element is router id
which is the highest loopback/interface ip
can be statically configured
higher is better
when dr/bdr is selected it can not be preempted
There can be issue with the DR in partial mesh scenerios ospf unicasts + multicast are link
local they should not be routed between interfaces and have ttl of 1
given that in a partial mesh where spoke routers do not have layer 2 connectivity to each
other if using broadcast non broadcast you need to control the election to ensure that the
hub is selected as DR as if a spoke is selected it will cause issues. You can do this by
rigging the election setting the spoke router priority to 0
OSPF NON BROADCAST
--------------------
ip ospf network non-broadcast - interface command to turn on
default on multipoint nbma medias
- frame-relay & atm
sends hellos as unicast ( main difference between broadcast + non broadcast)
- you need to manually define neighbors with the neighbor command under router ospf process
- performs and DR/BDR election
-DR needs to have full layer 2 reachability to all routers on segment
To rig election on spokes
ip ospf priority 0
on the hub + bdr
do the neighbor command
Next HOP
----------
OSPF in broadcast/nonbroadcast network the dr will leave the next hop and not change it. This is
preference in most configs you do not have to route to the dr then onto the next hop as typically
you would have layer 2 connectivity to the original next hop.
But this not always the case in a partial mesh network this can cause issues as you do not
have layer 2 connectivity you could do a few solutions like doing static mappings for each next hop
ip pointing and the dlci you connect out of or changin the frame-relay connectivity to p2p
ANother solution would be to use OSPF Point-to MULTIPOINT
OSPF POINT TO MULTIPOINT
-------------------------
enable with ip ospf network point-to-multipoint on interface
treats the networks as acollection of point-to-point links
sends hello as multicast to 224.0.0.5
no bdr and dr election
special next hop process it will change the next hop to the dr
ANother network type is
OSPF NETWORK POINT-TO-POINT
---------------------------
ip ospf network point-to-point on interface to enable
default on hdlc/ppp links
sends hello as multicast to 224.0.0.5
no bdr/dr election
supports only 2 neighbor on the link
no type lsa 2 network generated as no dr/bdr
So in the break down
DR/BDR ELECTION is requires in BROADCAST NETWORK and NON BROADCAST NETWORk + these two can
be mixed network types on a segment it is possible to have 1 interface configured as BROADCAST
and another configured as non broacast and it would work ok. They will not be compatiable with
the other network types
NO DR/BDR ELECTIOn required on point to point point to multipoint and point to multipoint non broadcast
these can be mixed togther they are compatiable
if you try and mix for example a p2p with broadcast they will form a adjacency so it can be hard to
detect and will appear to be working in sh ip ospf database command but there will be a faulure in
the spf run as the database will not be consitent and agree on networks so the route will never go
into the routing table
LAB
-----
For the lab we will use the previous config and bring in frame relay portion with r2 connecting to r1 and r3 over frame relay we will do the different
network types
ok so i have booted up the equitment already configured on the broadcast segment vlan 100 that sw4 is connecting
switch2#sh ip ospf int
Port-channel8 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Internet Address 10.229.254.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.2, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 4.4.4.4, Interface address 10.229.254.4
Backup Designated router (ID) 2.2.2.2, Interface address 10.229.254.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:02
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 4.4.4.4 (Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 6.6.6.6
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
FastEthernet0/2 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Internet Address 10.164.49.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.2, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:06
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 22.22.22.22
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 2.2.2.2/32, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.2, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
switch2#
router 4 has become the dr and router 6 has become the bdr just showing that it is really down to order of operation. Typically it should be highest router
id but if a router boots up significtanly faster than other routers it can become the dr before the higher router id comes online. In this case the highest
router id which with leaving default priorities should have become the dr has become drother neither the dr or the bdr as obviously sw2 and r4 where faster
booting up once there is dr elected it will not be preempted
Now we can just check out something else on this what happens if router 4 is put into the incorrect vlan
I will configure on sw4 fa0/4 connecting to r4 the port to be in vlan 101 segragating from sw2 and r6 who are in vlan 100
i will put a debug on r4 and sw2
debug ip ospf event
debug ip ospf adj
sw2
----
00:50:37: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 4.4.4.4 on Port-channel8 from FULL to DOWN
DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired
00:50:37: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Port-channel8
00:50:37: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Port-channel8
00:50:37: OSPF: Elect BDR 2.2.2.2
00:50:37: OSPF: Elect DR 2.2.2.2
00:50:37: OSPF: Elect BDR 6.6.6.6
00:50:37: OSPF: Elect DR 2.2.2.2
00:50:37: DR: 2.2.2.2 (Id) BDR: 6.6.6.6 (Id)
00:50:37: OSPF: Remember old DR 4.4.4.4 (id)
00:50:38: OSPF: Rcv LS UPD from 6.6.6.6 on Port-channel8 length 76 LSA count 1
00:50:38: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 2.2.2.2, seq 0x8000000A
00:50:38: OSPF: Build network LSA for Port-channel8, router ID 2.2.2.2
00:50:38: OSPF: Build network LSA for Port-channel8, router ID 2.2.2.2
00:50:40: OSPF: Send hello to 224.0.0.5 area 0 on Port-channel8 from 10.229.254.2
00:50:42: OSPF: Send hello to 224.0.0.5 area 0 on FastEthernet0/2 from 10.164.49.2
00:50:42: OSPF: Rcv hello from 22.22.22.22 area 0 from FastEthernet0/2 10.164.49.22
00:50:42: OSPF: End of hello processing
00:50:45: OSPF: Rcv hello from 6.6.6.6 area 0 from Port-channel8 10.229.254.6
00:50:45: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Port-channel8
00:50:45: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Port-channel8
00:50:45: OSPF: Elect BDR 6.6.6.6
00:50:45: OSPF: Elect DR 2.2.2.2
00:50:45: DR: 2.2.2.2 (Id) BDR: 6.6.6.6 (Id)
00:50:45: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface Port-channel8
00:50:45: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Port-channel8
we can see there is an election after 4.4.4.4 r4 goes down automatically the bdr 2.2.2.2 becomes DR and then for BDR it is down to the highest route id of
the DR other which is r6 6.6.6.6 so eventhough 6.6.6.6 is higher than router id 2.2.2.2 because 2.2.2.2 is already bdr it is straight away promoted the
election is not for dr but for who will be bdr
r4
---
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 6.6.6.6 on FastEthernet0/1 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Dead timer expired
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: OSPF: Elect DR 4.4.4.4
*Dec 29 19:36:45.563: DR: 4.4.4.4 (Id) BDR: none
*Dec 29 19:36:46.063: OSPF: Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 4.4.4.4, seq 0x80000007, process 1
*Dec 29 19:36:46.063: OSPF: No full nbrs to build Net Lsa for interface FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:36:46.171: OSPF: No full nbrs to build Net Lsa for interface FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:36:46.171: OSPF: Build network LSA for FastEthernet0/1, router ID 4.4.4.4
we can see r4 now in different broadcast domain as of the vlan change does a new election as there is no other routers on the segment it elects itseld dr and
obvioulsy there is no bdr
We will put fa0/4 on sw2 back to vlan 100
r4
---
state 2WAY
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: Neighbor change Event on interface FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: DR/BDR election on FastEthernet0/1
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: Elect BDR 6.6.6.6
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: Elect DR 4.4.4.4
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: DR: 4.4.4.4 (Id) BDR: 6.6.6.6 (Id)
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: Send DBD to 6.6.6.6 on FastEthernet0/1 seq 0x1A37 opt 0x52 flag 0x7 len 32
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: NBR Negotiation Done. We are the SLAVE
*Dec 29 19:46:17.863: OSPF: Send DBD to 6.6.6.6 on FastEthernet0/1 seq 0x14E8 opt 0x52 flag 0x2 len 132
*Dec 29 19:46:17.867: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 6.6.6.6 on FastEthernet0/1 seq 0x14E9 opt 0x52 flag 0x3 len 172 mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
it has prempted the current dr of 2.2.2.2 this the only situation where preemption could take place as it acted as dr as it was dr on the other segment and
has superior router id it become dr
NONBROADCAST
------------
ok we will move onto the frame relay section of the diagram r2,r1 and r3 it is a partial mesh r2 has connectivity to both r1 & r3 but r1 and r3 does not have
direct layer 2 connectivity to each other. So i will configue the routers in nonbroadcast they will be in the 192.168.1.0/24
ok so i have configured the frame-relay and ip
r2 is 192.168.1.2 r1 192.168.1.1 r3 192.168.1.3
ok on r2
---------
r2(config)#router ospf 1
r2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
r2(config)#do sh ip ospf int s0/0
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State WAITING, Priority 1
No designated router on this network
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:10
Wait time before Designated router selection 00:01:40
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
ok first i will check the interface set to non broadcast
ok same on r3
--------------
r3(config)#router ospf 1
r3(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
r3(config-router)#exit
r3(config)#exit
r3#
*Mar 1 01:39:24.112: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
r3#sh ip ospf int
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.3/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.1.3, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 781
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State WAITING, Priority 1
No designated router on this network
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:02
Wait time before Designated router selection 00:01:32
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 0
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
r3#
adjacency is not forming with r2
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: end of Wait on interface Serial1/0
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: DR/BDR election on Serial1/0
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: Elect BDR 192.168.1.3
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.1.3
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: Elect BDR 0.0.0.0
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: OSPF: Elect DR 192.168.1.3
*Mar 1 01:41:02.153: DR: 192.168.1.3 (Id) BDR: none
*Mar 1 01:41:02.654: OSPF: No full nbrs to build Net Lsa for interface Serial
r3 has elected it self as dr and is picking no other routers on the segmenet this is as it needs to be told what address to unicast to instead of multicast
r3(config)#router ospf 1
r3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.2
r3(config-router)#
*Mar 1 01:43:23.857: OSPF: Starting 0.0.0.0 address 192.168.1.2 on Serial1/0
r3# sh ip ospf neigh
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
22.22.22.22 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:01:48 192.168.1.2 Serial1/0
r3#
i will bring r1 into it
r1
-----
r1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
r1(config)#router ospf 1
r1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
r1(config-router)#network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
r1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.2
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
22.22.22.22 1 FULL/BDR 00:01:56 192.168.1.2 Serial0/0
r1#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 1.1.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
r1#
i am not learning any routes
on r1 i believe that i am the dr
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 192.168.1.1
Backup Designated router (ID) 22.22.22.22, Interface address 192.168.1.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:09
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 22.22.22.22 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
r1#
I have no layer 2 connectivity to 192.168.1.3 the original DR so i elected myself
on r2
------
r2#sh ip ospf int
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.1.3, Interface address 192.168.1.3
Backup Designated router (ID) 22.22.22.22, Interface address 192.168.1.2
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:24
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.3 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
it still believes r3 is the dr
on r2
r2#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:14, FastEthernet0/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.3.3.3 [110/65] via 192.168.1.3, 00:04:14, Serial0/0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:14, FastEthernet0/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/67] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:14, FastEthernet0/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:15, FastEthernet0/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/66] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:15, FastEthernet0/0
22.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 22.22.22.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:17, FastEthernet0/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:04:17, FastEthernet0/0
C 10.164.49.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
r2#
i have no route to r1 loopack
r2#sh ip ospf database router 1.1.1.1
OSPF Router with ID (22.22.22.22) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS age: 489
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 1.1.1.1
Advertising Router: 1.1.1.1
LS Seq Number: 80000003
Checksum: 0xA35A
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 1.1.1.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 192.168.1.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 192.168.1.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
r2#ping 192.168.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/65/68 ms
r2#
i am recieving r1 advertisment on 1.1.1.1 but there is incosistency in the database so the spf algorithm is not going to run correctly
on r3
-----
r3#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:25, Serial1/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:25, Serial1/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/848] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:25, Serial1/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:25, Serial1/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/847] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:26, Serial1/0
22.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 22.22.22.22 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:27, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:27, Serial1/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:27, Serial1/0
O 10.164.49.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:27, Serial1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
r3#
i am recieving all routes apart from 1.1.1.1 effectively r1 has been segragated from the ospf process as it does not agree on dr router etc as it has no
connectivity to the dr to sort this out we need to make sure that the router that has layer 2 connectivity to both becomes the dr
r3
---
r3(config)#router ospf 1
r3(config-router)#no neighbor 192.168.1.2
r3(config-router)#
*Mar 1 02:04:46.925: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial1/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Neighbor deconfigured
r3(config-router)#
r1
---
r1(config)#router ospf 1
r1(config-router)#no neighbor 192.168.1.2
r1(config-router)#
*Mar 1 01:52:33.855: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial0/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Neighbor deconfigured
r1(config-if)#int s0/0
r1(config-if)#ip ospf priority 0 - specifying it is not to become dr/bdr
r1(config-if)#
r3(config)#int s1/0
r3(config-if)#ip ospf priority 0
r3(config-if)#
r2
---
r2(config)#router ospf 1
r2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.2
r2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1
r2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.3
r
i will do a shut and no shut on my frame-relay int to clear the ospf process
r2#
*Mar 1 04:57:06.095: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 1.1.1.1 on Serial0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Don
r2#sh ip ospf neigh
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
1.1.1.1 0 FULL/DROTHER 00:01:59 192.168.1.1 Serial0/0
192.168.1.3 0 FULL/DROTHER 00:01:56 192.168.1.3 Serial0/0
2.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:36 10.164.49.2 FastEthernet0/0
r2#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:00:04, Serial0/0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:04, FastEthernet0/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.3.3.3 [110/65] via 192.168.1.3, 00:00:04, Serial0/0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:04, FastEthernet0/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/67] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/66] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:06, FastEthernet0/0
22.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 22.22.22.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:06, FastEthernet0/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:00:06, FastEthernet0/0
C 10.164.49.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
r2#sh ip ospf int
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 22.22.22.22, Interface address 192.168.1.2
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:29
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.3
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 22.22.22.22/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 10.164.49.22/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:09
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.2
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
r2#
now we the dr has full layer 2 connectivity beween the spokles everything as as expected we are seeing all routes
we will look at the routing table on r3
All looks good on r3- the spoke is dr other and has the full routing table
r3#sh ip ospf int
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 3.3.3.3/32, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.1.3, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.3/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.1.3, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 781
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 0
Designated Router (ID) 22.22.22.22, Interface address 192.168.1.2
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:28
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 22.22.22.22 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
r3#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/782] via 192.168.1.1, 00:10:36, Serial1/0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:36, Serial1/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:36, Serial1/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/848] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:36, Serial1/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:37, Serial1/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/847] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:38, Serial1/0
22.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 22.22.22.22 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:38, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:38, Serial1/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:38, Serial1/0
O 10.164.49.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:10:38, Serial1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
r3#
we do have an issue though
r3#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
r3#
if we look at the route to 1.1.1.1
O 1.1.1.1 [110/782] via 192.168.1.1, 00:10:36, Serial1/0
it has a next hop of 192.168.1.1
we have no layer 2 connectivity to this next hop so it fails
we have a few options of repairing
under the s0/0 int on r3
we could put a map for 192.168.1.1 via dlci 302
we could change the frame-relay interface to point-to-point (not the ospf network type) just the frame relay interface
or we could look at network type designed for hub and spoke partial meshes which is point to multipoint we will look at the broadcast version of point
to multipoint first
to enable point to multipoint we just use ip ospf network point to multipoint command under each router frame relay int
so on
r3
---
r3(config)#int s1/0
r3(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
r3(config-if)#
we do the same on r2 and r1
on r2
r2#sh ip ospf nei
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.1.3 0 FULL/ - 00:01:58 192.168.1.3 Serial0/0
1.1.1.1 0 FULL/ - 00:01:58 192.168.1.1 Serial0/0
2.2.2.2 0 FULL/ - 00:00:38 10.164.49.2 FastEthernet0/0
r2#
full/- means there no bdr/dr election
r3#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/846] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:48, Serial1/0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:48, Serial1/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:48, Serial1/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/848] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:48, Serial1/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:49, Serial1/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/847] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
22.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 22.22.22.22 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
O 10.164.49.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 192.168.1.1/32 [110/845] via 192.168.1.2, 00:01:54, Serial1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 192.16
if we look at 1.1.1.1 it next hop is 192.168.1.2 not 1.1
r3#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 128/133/141 ms
r3#
i can ping successifully
ok we will now try to mix interface types we will start with point to point and point to multipoint
so we will change r3 to point to point r2 will remain point-to-multi
r3
---
r3(config)#int s1/0
r3(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
r3(config-if)#
*Mar 1 03:53:49.718: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial1/0 from FULL to DOWN, Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
ok the adjacency is not forming
r3#
*Mar 1 03:57:44.940: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:22.22.22.22
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:BE08 aut:0 auk: from Serial1/0
*Mar 1 03:57:44.940: OSPF: Rcv hello from 22.22.22.22 area 0 from Serial1/0 192.168.1.2
*Mar 1 03:57:44.944: OSPF: Mismatched hello parameters from 192.168.1.2
*Mar 1 03:57:44.944: OSPF: Dead R 120 C 40, Hello R 30 C 10
it is not forming because the timers are mismatched
r3#sh ip ospf int s1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.3/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 192.168.1.3, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 781
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:05
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
r3#
r2#sh ip ospf int
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:11
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
so r3 timers are hello 10 dead 40 and r2 timers are 30 120
so on r3 we will change the timers to match r2 timers
r3
---
r3(config)#int s1/0
r3(config-if)#ip ospf hello 30
r3(config-if)#ip ospf dead 120
r3(config-if)#
r3#
*Mar 1 04:01:25.629: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
r3#sh ip ospf nei
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
22.22.22.22 0 FULL/ - 00:01:59 192.168.1.2 Serial1/0
r3#
*Mar 1 04:01:44.973: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
now we formed adjacency
r3#
*Mar 1 04:01:44.973: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
r3#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/846] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 3.3.3.3 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/848] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Serial1/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/784] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:12, Serial1/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/847] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
22.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 22.22.22.22 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/783] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
O 10.164.49.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 192.168.1.1/32 [110/845] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1/0
O 192.168.1.2/32 [110/781] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:13, Serial1/0
r3#
we are getting all the routes and can ping 1.1.1.
lets try changing r3 network type to ospf broadbcast and see how it reacts these are not compatiable
r3(config)#int s1/0
r3(config-if)#ip ospf network broad
r3(config-if)#
ok on r3
--------
r3#
*Mar 1 04:05:20.743: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 22.22.22.22 on Serial1/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
r3#sh ip ospf nei
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
22.22.22.22 1 FULL/DR 00:01:52 192.168.1.2 Serial1/0
r3#
all loooks good for broadcast network we full adjacency
on
r2
----
r2#sh ip ospf neigh
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.1.3 0 FULL/ - 00:01:56 192.168.1.3 Serial0/0
i have full but it is a point to multipoint or point to multipo non broadcast or point to point
r2#sh ip ospf int
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 22.22.22.22, Network Type POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_MULTIPOINT
Timer intervals configured, Hello 30, Dead 120, Wait 120, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 120
Hello due in 00:00:05
Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)
Cisco NSF helper support enabled
IETF NSF helper support enabled
Index 3/3, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 2
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.3
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
so the interface is point to multipoint and the adjacency is showing up full
if we look at the ospf database
on r2
r2#sh ip ospf database router 192.168.1.3
OSPF Router with ID (22.22.22.22) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Adv Router is not-reachable
LS age: 274
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 192.168.1.3
Advertising Router: 192.168.1.3
LS Seq Number: 80000012
Checksum: 0x69D7
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 192.168.1.2
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 192.168.1.3
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 781
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 3.3.3.3
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
r2#
we see we are recieving the advertisment from r3 but there is a problem the adv router is not reachable this is as the two routers do not agree on the database there is an issue with spf running
if we look down at the routes we are not seeing r3 3.3.3.3 loopback
r2#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 192.168.1.1, 00:05:28, Serial0/0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:28, FastEthernet0/0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.4.4.4 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:28, FastEthernet0/0
5.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 5.5.5.5 [110/67] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:28, FastEthernet0/0
6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 6.6.6.6 [110/3] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:29, FastEthernet0/0
172.25.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 172.25.13.0 [110/66] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:29, FastEthernet0/0
22.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 22.22.22.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 10.10.10.10/32 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:30, FastEthernet0/0
O 10.229.254.0/24 [110/2] via 10.164.49.2, 00:05:30, FastEthernet0/0
C 10.164.49.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.1.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
O 192.168.1.1/32 [110/64] via 192.168.1.1, 00:05:30, Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
r2#
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